Monumental Confusion

Europa, one of Jupiter's four biggest moons, appears to harbor a liquid ocean not far beneath its bright, icy surface. Is there life there? NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft, launched last October, will fly to orbit Jupiter and, making frequent flybys of Europa, will study the satellite's geology, composition, and subsurface ocean. Learn about the mission, its scientific objectives, and the suite of sophisticated instruments it will employ in the decade to come.

The Fermi paradox is the conflict between the lack of clear, obvious evidence for extraterrestrial life and various high estimates for their existence. Maybe because we are alone and if they exist at all are so far distant as to be unapproachable. This is often called the Great Filter theory. It suggests that all life must overcome certain challenges, and at least one hurdle is nearly impossible to clear. This will be an open panel discussion, but we will stick to the main premise.

This discussion will be lightly structured with ample time for open discussion. We will discuss planetary and astronomical conditions, which filter the development of life. The geological and biotic filters for the abiogenesis of life and the evolution of complex life forms? Finally, what are the potential cultural filters associated with advanced civilizations capable of developing their solar resources and exploring the galaxy?

History of computational machines from the Egyptians to the 19th century. A distinguishing trait of human beings is that we make and use tools but does that go far enough? Many animals use tools. Maybe a better definition involves using computational tools and labor-saving devices, to help with advanced cognitive functions, such as computers. We will briefly discuss the development and use of computational devices. We will explore the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Sumerians, Chinese, and Europeans.